Senior High School Box

Japanese Clothing Box
Author: Tracy Mahoney
Photography: Mark Yancey, Aya Takeuchi, Hitomi Mitsutake
Creative Team: Aya Takeuchi, Miyuki Kuranishi


List of Items with Description:

UCHIWA (Baseball Fan)

This round Japanese fan [uchiwa] is decorated with the word hisshou, which means “certain victory.E It is carried by a high school baseball fan in Japan who waves it from his seat to show his support for the team. This uchiwa is from Fushimi Technical High School in Kyoto. Baseball is a very popular sport in Japanese high schools. Every year many boys try out, but only the best can make the team. Baseball games against other schools bring out many students to cheer for their team. The best teams advance through regional and prefectural tournaments to compete in the national championships held at Koushien Stadium in Nishinomiya, Hyougo Prefecture. The championships are followed closely by newspapers, radio, and television, and the games receive as much attention as professional baseball. TV and radio shows are preempted for live coverage. Every high school baseball player dreams of making it to Koushien. Professional baseball scouts watch the players at Koushien closely, watching for future major league players.

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KABAN (Bookbag)
These are bookbags for Japanese high school students to carry items back and forth to school each day. Some schools require a certain style bookbag but others allow students to choose their own bookbag, within limits. Since each bag is different, students can show something of their personality in their choice. We have included two bookbags here that would meet with the school's approval. Backpacks seem to gaining popularity with high school students. Since these bookbags are new, they are plain, but some students decorate their bags with keychains, stickers, and writing (again, within limits).

A look inside the bag tells a lot about each student. First, students are supposed to take their books home every night so a student might be carrying all her textbooks; if she leaves them in her desk, the teacher might say something to her. Second, a student will probably be carrying a pencil case and possibly a lunchbox, both of which are selected by the student. Third, a student may carry communications from school to home, such as a notice of a parent-teacher conference, an invitation to the school festival, or the announcement of a meeting to explain the college entrance exam system to parents. As in the U.S., depending on the student, some notes get forgotten in the bottom of the bookbag and never make it home to the parents. Also, students may be carrying personal items such as comic books, a train or bus pass, a comb, a handkerchief, or tissues. Finally, a student may be carrying items that are usually prohibited at school, such as makeup, a pager, or a cellular telephone.

There are no rules in high school about how the bookbag is to be carried like there are in junior high school. This is one example of how high school is less bound by rules than junior high.

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JIKAN WARI HYOU (Class Schedule)
This is a class schedule for a first year student (a tenth grader) in a high school in Shizuoka Prefecture. While all students must meet basic national requirements, there is considerable variation among schools. There are also more electives at the high school level than in the lower grades (but fewer than in the United States). This is one high school student's schedule.
Here is a translation:
MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
1 Modern Society Physical Education PhysicalEducation Music Oral Communication (English) Mathematics
2 Science Mathematics Oral Communication (English) Science Mathematics Music
3 Health English Modern Society Modern Society Japanese Language Japanese Language
4 Japanese Language Japanese Language Mathematics English Physical Education
5 English Science Science Japanese Language English
6 Math, or Music, or Japanese Language Modern Society Club Activity Mathematics Home room

The school year begins in April and runs until the following March. There are three semesters: April to August, September to December, and January to March. There is a summer vacation that lasts about six weeks, a winter vacation around the New Year holiday, and a spring vacation between school years, in addition to several national holidays scattered throughout the year. Students go to school Monday through Friday and, until recently, half days on Saturday. The Ministry of Education is slowly phasing out school on Saturdays. Students currently have two Saturdays a month off. This schedule means that Japanese students go to school about 220 days a year (compared to about 180 for U.S. students). By the end of high school, Japanese students will have gone to school about two more years than U.S. students.

School begins around 8:30 am and ends around 3:00 pm. The school day is divided into six periods. The schedule at one Shizuoka high school is as follows:
Monday-Friday Saturday
8:25 am - 8:35 am Home room 8:25 am - 8:35 am Home room
8:40 am - 9:30 am 1st period 8:40 am - 9:30 am 1st period
9:40 am - 10:30 am 2nd period 9:40 am - 10:30 am 2nd period
10:40 am - 11:30 am 3rd period 10:40 am - 11:30 am 3rd period
11:40 am - 12:30 pm 4th period 11:30 am - 11:40 am Cleaning
12:30 pm - 1:15 pm Lunch 11:45 am - 11:50 am Home room
1:15 pm - 2:05 pm 5th period
2:15 pm - 3:05 pm 6th period
3:05 pm - 3:20 pm Cleaning
3:20 pm - 3:25 pm Home room

Every Wednesday there is a 7th period for required club activities from 3:35-4:25 pm)

Most of the class subjects are familiar to U.S. students: math, science, social studies, language arts (Japanese), foreign language (English), music, health, and physical education. In addition, schools offer some elective courses, such as accounting, computers, or fine arts. Specialty high schools will have courses such as industrial design, horticulture, or food service. The homeroom is a time to take attendance, disseminate information, and build class cohesion and school spirit. During the cleaning time, students clean the classroom and common areas with mops, brooms, and wet rags. After school most students are involved in extracurricular club activities.

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BUNKASAI NO PANFURETTO (School Culture Festival Pamphlet)
One of the major events of the school year in a Japanese high school is the Culture Festival, usually held on a weekend in the spring or fall. Everyone attends the festival, as a performer, exhibitor, or observer. All first-year and second-year homeroom classes create an exhibit and most of the culture clubs sponsor an exhibit or performance. Seniors (third-year students) usually do not prepare class exhibits, but they might participate in their clubfs exhibit if it does not require too much time. Some schools hold a chorus competition during the festival, class against class.

The Culture Festival has two parts: performing arts and exhibits. The performing arts are usually held in the gymnasium. Students gather there to watch performances of music, drama, dance, etc. by their fellow students. The exhibits are usually held in the classrooms. They range from serious topics, such as air pollution, to fun things, like a haunted house. Students can also exhibit a movie that they have made themselves. They are allowed to create exhibits that involve the exchange of money (for example, a coffee shop), although they are not allowed to operate at a profit.

The entire school becomes involved in preparing for the Culture Festival, up to three months ahead of time. A special student committee is formed and each homeroom class sends a representative. Teachers are there to help, but everything is supposed to be organized and run by the students. All preparation for the Culture Festival is done after school. A student may be very busy in the weeks leading up to the festival. He may help prepare the class exhibit, practice with his class for the chorus competition, and, if he belongs to a culture club, he will help prepare that exhibit or performance as well.

The three days of the Culture Festival are bustling with activity. In addition to seeing all the exhibits, competing in the chorus competition, and watching the performances, students take turns manning their class or club exhibits. Parents and community members are invited to the school to watch and everyone, including teachers and the principal, gets caught up in the excitement.

This is the program from the Culture Festival of Kokura High School in Fukuoka Prefecture. There are maps of the three floors of the school with descriptions of the exhibits in each room. The back page is the schedule of events for Saturday and Sunday. There are movies, plays, bands, choral performances, a sing-along, a coffee shop, the tea ceremony, a charity bazaar, and exhibits from the Art Club, the Science Club, the Calligraphy Club, the English Speaking Society, the Radio Club, and the Photography Club, to name a few.

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TAISOUGI (Gym Uniform)

In Japan, every student in high school is required to take physical education class. This is part of the Ministry of Educationfs goal of nurturing healthy bodies as well as minds. In high school, as in junior high school, boys and girls take gym separately.

Students must buy a gym uniform and gym shoes. In the warm months, the gym uniform is shorts and a short-sleeved shirt. In the cold months, students are usually allowed to wear a sweats outfit. The student must write his or her last name in a designated place on all pieces of the gym uniform. This set of uniforms is from Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. At this school, the boys and girls wear identical t-shirts, but their shorts are different. Then in the winter, the students are allowed to wear the sweats over their shorts and t-shirt until they warm up, but are required to remove the sweats to play sports.

Many Japanese high school girls dislike the gym uniform. One reason is that some gym teachers require students to tuck their gym shirts in. The girls donft like this because with the shirt tucked in, you can discern the whole body line and they find it embarrassing. Also, high school girls often donft want to show their legs; they prefer to wear sweats instead of shorts. Many gym teachers, in the interest of promoting self-discipline, donft allow students to wear sweats until mid-winter and even then may require the girls to remove the sweats when they exercise.

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UWABAKI (Inside Shoes)
These shoes look like gym shoes, but actually they are a kind of shoes that students wear inside a Japanese high school. Students arrive at school in their regular shoes. At the front door of the school all students (and teachers) change from their regular shoes to their inside shoes [uwabaki]. They put their regular shoes in a shoe compartment just inside the front door. All day long at school--except for gym class which has its own shoes-- they wear these inside shoes. At the end of the day they reverse the process. The change from outside shoes to inside shoes marks the distinction between outside the school and inside the school and the beginning and ending of the school day.

Some shoes are all white, but some have colored rubber soles. Incoming tenth graders are assigned a color which they wear throughout high school (for example, the tenth graders might be assigned the color red, which they will wear in 10th, 11th, and 12th grades). Schools usually require students to write their name, grade, and class on the shoes. It must be able to be read by a person standing facing the student, i.e., upside down to the student himself. Students are supposed to wear the uwabaki properly, but many of them like to step on the back of the heel and shuffle around in the shoes like clogs.

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JYUKU NYUUGAKU ANNAI (Peparatory school pamphlet)



Many high school students in Japan attend an after-school cram school [juku]. In junior high school, some students like to go to juku to be with their friends. High school students, on the other hand, have one goal in mind: to pass the entrance exam of the college of their choice. While juku classes for junior high school students can be fun, juku classes for high school students tend to be large and lecture-style. The students are serious about studying--some would call it cramming--and the juku with the best records for getting students into college are the most desirable.

This is an advertising booklet for Kawai Juku, part of a national chain of juku. This booklet describes the classes that high school students can take in subjects such as English, math, and classical Japanese in preparation for college entrance exams. The cover of the book says, gIf I go to Kawai Juku, Ifll have no problem.h The booklet lays out the course for each year of high school and offers many success stories of students who have entered the university of their choice after studying at this juku. Pages 5-6 are the numbers of past students who made it into the top Japanese universities, while pages 7-8 are testimonials from former students. Later in the booklet, there is a description of instructors and a schedule of classes. You can see that all classes are held between 3:10 pm and 8:40 pm.

Juku have strong opponents and proponents in Japan. Juku are outside the formal school system and, at times, seem to subvert the principles of the regular school system. Not only are they run by private, profit-seeking companies, their educational purposes are quite different. Critics say that juku only teach children how to do well on exams and donft give students any real knowledge. They fear that students will neglect their regular school studies because juku classes will help them pass the exams anyway; they may not understand the subject well, but they have good test-taking skills. Parents acknowledge this, but as long as exams are such a deciding factor in a studentfs future, they will continue to pay for juku classes to ensure the success of their children.

It should be emphasized that not all high school students attend juku, especially those who do not go to college. Some students never experience the gexamination hellh that is so widely discussed in the media. However, the juku phenomenon is widespread enough in Japanese society to cause consternation among parents and educators about the future of education in Japan.

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BENTOU BAKO (Lunch Box)

Most Japanese high schools have a cafeteria. However, many students bring their lunch from home. Often, school cafeterias have a limited selection of food, for example curry rice or Udon (noodle soup). Unlike junior high school where all students share in the same lunch, high school students have a choice of menu. This colorful plastic object is a lunchbox--no brown paper bags for Japanese students. High school students choose their lunchbox to reflect their personality, often choosing one that is cool or cute like this Snoopy lunchbox. Snoopy is as popular in Japan as he is in the United States.

This lunchbox is separated into two sections with a movable divider. Cooked rice is usually placed in one of the sections. In the other section a variety of side dishes--such as fish, chicken, egg, beans, vegetables, or pickles--is artfully arranged. Lunches are usually prepared by the studentfs mother. She takes great care to prepare lunches that are nutritious and appealing. It is one way that she can show her love for her child, but also she does not want to be shown up by the other mothers. Even if their child usually eats the school cafeteria food, mothers make an extra effort to make a good lunch for special occasions such as sports day at school. There are also times when Mother doesnft have time to make a good lunch. On such days, children may take a hastily thrown together lunch [tenuki-bentou or hands-off lunch], eat the school cafeteria lunch, or buy something at a store on the way to school.

Unlike junior high school where the lunch period is divided into a time for eating and a time for playing, lunch time in high school is one long period, usually about 45 minutes. Students are free to eat or hang out as long as they do not leave the school grounds (although in reality many do). Also, in junior high school all students eat in the classroom and begin and end lunch together, but in senior high school students are free to go to the cafeteria or eat lunch in the classroom. Students are supposed to refrain from nibbling on their lunches before lunchtime, but sometimes they sneak bites between classes or during break times. Whereas this is forbidden in junior high school, it is tolerated in high school as long as students do not eat during class.

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FUDEBAKO (Pencil Case)
This type of container is used by high school students in Japan to carry pencils, erasers, and other desk supplies in their schoolbag. Students are required to carry a pencil case, but the cases--and their contents--vary greatly in style and design and can therefore reflect the studentfs individuality. This pencil case is decorated with Ultraman--a superhero with supernatural powers--and would probably be carried by a male student. A pencil case may contain pencils, mechanical pencils, ball point pens, rulers, etc. Some students like to make their notes colorful with drawings, underlining, and arrows. To do this, they bring a supply of markers and colored pencils in their pencil case. At the very least, a student must bring a pencil or mechanical pencil--something that can be erased. A neat pencil case reflects a meticulous, careful student, while a messy pencil case may indicate sloppy work.

Students may own a variety of pencil cases. They will choose one depending on their mood or what is happening in class that day. Some students use a metal pencil case like this one, although there are leather, cloth, or plastic ones as well. A metal pencil case makes a great clatter if it and all its contents are dropped. One Japanese young women, recalling her high school days, remembered students are trying to irritate the teacher, by purposefully drop their pencil cases one after another. When one student finished picking up her pencil case, another student dropped his, thereby ensuring a great racket and frequent class disruptions.

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GAKKOU SHINBUN (School Newspaper)
Schools have many options for publishing a newspaper. The newspaper might be published by the students in a newspaper club or by a newspaper committee composed of students from all grades. Alternatively, the various classes of the school might take turns making the newspaper. In some schools the teachers play a big part in creating the newspaper. The newspaper might be printed at school, perhaps handwritten even, or it might be printed professionally at a nearby printing shop.

This is a school newspaper from Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. It is the January 10, 1998 issue put out by the Newspaper Club. The front page has a message from the principal and articles about the activities of some of the school clubs. The clubs highlighted here are the Baseball Club, the Sailing Club, the Table Tennis Club, the Kendo Club, the Science Club, the Brass Band, and the Archery Club. On the back page is an article about recent field trips, some words to the graduating class from the 12th grade homeroom teachers, and an interview with the new English teacher from the United States.

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GAKKOU ANNAI (School Pamphlet)
Because students must choose which high school they will apply to, high schools in Japan publish a pamphlet or booklet that explains the school and what it offers. We have included the school pamphlet for three Japanese high schools to demonstrate the diversity in schools and their courses. The blue pamphlet is from Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. The tan pamphlet is from Dairi High School in Fukuoka Prefecture. The red and black booklet is from Fushimi Technical High School in Kyoto. All three of these are public schools; private schools offer even more diversity.

The blue pamphlet from Mikkabi High School has many photos of club activities and school events. The round pie chart shows that 40% of graduates enter the workforce, 22% go on to specialty schools, 21% go to 2-year colleges, and 17% go to 4-year universities. Another flow chart shows that, after their first year of general classes, students specialize in the sciences, humanities, or courses that lead to certification in one of several fields (primarily for non-college bound students). The back page has a message from the President of the Student Council.

The tan pamphlet from Dairi High School explains that the high school has a humanities track, a science track, and a specialized track in English. Almost all students, it goes on to explain, go to college after graduation to study the humanities or foreign language. This pamphlet has many photographs depicting student life and club activities.

The red and black booklet from Fushimi Technical High School explains that, in addition to the required courses, they offer specialization in machinery, architecture, civil engineering, and industrial design. Seventy-five percent of graduates go directly into the workforce. The remaining twenty percent continue their education in specialty schools or four- or two-year colleges. The remaining five percent do not fit neatly into either of these two categories. The booklet also has many photographs that show club activities and the events throughout the school year.

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SHUUGAKU RYOKOU NO SHIORI (School Trip Handbook)



The school trip is one of the highlights of high school in Japan and creates memories that students carry with them the rest of their lives. Once a year the eleventh grade students (the seniors are too busy finding jobs or preparing for college entrance exams) take an extended school trip of 3-4 days. The students travel to historic cities, cultural treasures, or areas of natural beauty. Most trips are taken during the spring or fall, although some schools might take winter ski trips. The school trip serves many purposes: It gives students the opportunity to learn more about their country, it encourages them to plan and carry out a large event, and it gives them a chance to learn about the dynamics of group living.

The students prepare carefully for the trip. Many months before their departure, students start to bring money from home. For example, they may deposit \2,000 (approximately $15) a month with the school and they can watch their trip fund grow. Students are also required to prepare for the trip by researching the history, geography, or customs of the site. This handbook was published for the ski trip taken February 4-7, 1997 by the 11th grade students of Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. The booklet contains a message from the principal, an itinerary, maps, rules of conduct, guidelines for health and safety on the trip, the chain of command, rooming lists, basic ski instructions, manners on the slopes, and a place to record impressions. This booklet has been written in because it was used by one of the 15 chaperones (a teacher) who accompanied the 163 students on the trip.

For the students, the trip is usually remembered as fun. They especially like staying in a hotel with their friends. Many students sleep in the same large room on futon, and they talk until morning and have pillow fights. The students often try to elude the teachers and sneak into each othersf rooms to hang out. During the day the students visit sightseeing spots by chartered bus. They must wear their school uniform, complete with hat and lapel pin. The school limits the amount of money they can bring with them, but students still enjoy buying souvenirs for themselves and their families. After the school trip is over, some schools require a report.

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SEITO TECHOU (Student Handbook)

This is a student handbook from Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. Most Japanese high schools have a handbook that contains important information about the school. On the cover of this handbook is the school emblem and a place for the studentfs name and grade. Inside the front and back covers are ID pages that serve as proof that the student attends this school (one page for each of the three years of high school). There are spaces for the studentfs name, age, date of birth, address, school name, and school principal. The student must paste his photo on this page. On the inside pages are the school motto, the history of the school, the school anthem, other school songs, the bylaws of the Student Council, the regulations for electing members of the Student Council, the code of student justice, a statement from the Student Council on traffic safety, and a list of school rules. In addition, there is a page to record absences, a schedule of the school day, pages to write in the studentfs class schedule, blank pages for taking notes, and an emergency contact page in the back. Students are required to carry the handbook with them at all times.

The rules in high school are usually less detailed and less strictly enforced than those in junior high school. This is part of a general trend in high school to allow students more freedom and independence. For example, in high school, a student can usually have a license to operate a motorbike, but he is not allowed to ride it to school. School rules do, however, cover such things as tardiness, hairstyle, the correct way to wear the uniform, and proper behavior. Recently there has been a call from both parents and educators to ease some of the rules. As a result, some schools have replaced many of their rules with the general sentence: gA student should look and act like a high school student at all times.h

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KYOUKASHO (Textbook)

Students in Japanese high schools must pay for their textbooks, unlike in elementary and junior high schools where textbooks are free. They can keep their textbooks and are not required to return them. Compared to their U.S. counterparts, textbooks in Japan are small, lightweight, and lack photographs. Students may complete one, two, or three textbooks in each subject in one school year. The teacher and students are supposed to study the entire textbook, cover to cover. Students are required to take all of their textbooks home every night, whether they have homework or not. Sometimes a student forgets a textbook at home; this is embarrassing. Some students like to cover their textbook with paper that might depict their favorite pop singer or a cute character like Mickey Mouse. The purpose is both to protect the book and to make it look cool.

Because they can keep their textbooks, students write in them, take notes in the margins, and sometimes tear them apart by chapter so that they take only the necessary parts to school, thus making their book bag lighter. Many older people do not like to see books treated in this way. Some students keep their textbooks long after they become adults. However, houses are small and textbooks are frequently being revised, so eventually the old textbooks simply get thrown away.

These two textbooks are an English textbook and a math textbook?. By the time they graduate from high school, most Japanese students will have studied English for six years. You can read through the textbook to see how they study English as a foreign language. The second textbook is a math textbook. Even without a translation, you can gauge the difficulty of the lessons and compare them to math classes in the United States.

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SEIFUKU (Uniform)

Most high schools in Japan, public and private, require students to wear uniforms, although it is not required by the Ministry of Education. Each school usually has both a winter uniform and a summer uniform--these are boyfs and girlfs winter uniforms. Uniforms help students feel they are part of a group and can therefore help build a spirit of cooperation and teamwork. In addition, they are meant to keep studentsfminds on their work, not on their clothes. Some students like the uniform while others hate it, but most students find it easy to wear a uniform because they donft have to think of what to wear.

The girlfs uniform here is a middy blouse, scarf, and skirt. Girls wear a T-shirt or undershirt under the middy blouse. The scarf goes around the neck, under the collar, and the ends go through the loop in front. The length of the skirt is determined by the school. Girls usually try to alter the skirt--not so noticeably that they get caught--to conform to the current styles. These days it is fashionable for the hem to be above the knee. The embroidered gKh on the front of the middy blouse stands for the name of the school. Look inside the blouse; the characters embroidered in gold are her last name, Arima. The placement of the nametag and lapel pin on the blouse are decided by the school. Some schools decide the shoes and socks, but others allow the students to decide. Usually socks must be white, but some small decoration is often permitted. We have included here some gloose socksh which were trendy in Japan in 1998.

The boyfs uniform here consists of a pair of pants, a white shirt, and a high collar jacket. Boys try to alter the width of their pant legs--again, not so noticeably that they get caught--to be more stylish, whether peg legs or bell bottoms are in fashion. Boys should button all buttons and wear the white collar in the jacket. In reality, many boys open the collar and unbutton the top button. The embroidery on the collar of the jacket is the school symbol. Some schools also have a hat for boys that they are required to wear to and from school. Look inside the jacket. The name there, Kuwahara, is the last name of the boy who owned this jacket. Boys may take the jacket off during regular classes, but must wear the full uniform for special school events and ceremonies.

School officials, with input from parents and students, decide the style of the uniforms and designate a store from which all students can order the uniform. A uniform is expensive so students who donft grow fast can use the same uniform for all three years of high school. Large seams and hems are left in the uniforms so that they can be let out as a student grows, but many students must buy new uniforms mid-way through high school. Most students buy several blouses/shirts to be able to wear a clean one every day, but they often buy only one skirt, jacket, or pair of pants that gets dry cleaned periodically.

The dates to change from winter to summer uniforms and back again are often set at June 1 and October 1, although these vary across Japan with the climate. The girlfs summer uniform is usually a short-sleeved blouse and a skirt of lighter material. The boyfs summer uniform is a pair of pants and a short-sleeved shirt.

High school may not be the last time a Japanese young person wears a uniform. Many jobs in society require uniforms. In addition to policemen, train conductors, and nurses, many factories have uniforms for blue collar workers and many firms--such as banks and department stores-- require certain women employees to wear uniforms. Many people think the businessmanfs dark suit, white shirt, and conservative tie are a kind of uniform. In all cases, the uniform serves to promote a sense of group identification.

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SOTSUGYOU ARUBAMU (Yearbook)
A yearbook in a Japanese high school is called a ggraduation album.h It is an album that focuses on the graduating class so only the graduating students (twelfth graders) buy them. The yearbook covers all three years of high school for that class: their tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. It includes a photo of each student along with their names, addresses and phone numbers. The yearbook also includes photos of major school events, such as the culture festival, the school trip, and club activities. Some schools organize a special student committee to make the yearbook. In other schools it is made by the teachers. Almost all students buy a ggraduation album.h Some may keep it forever so few are willing to give it up. Fortunately for us, we found a school where a student had ordered a yearbook and then moved away so they had an extra one.

This yearbook is from Mikkabi High School in Shizuoka Prefecture. It provides a wonderful chronicle in photographs of the graduating class of 1998. In addition to photographs of the city, and the school grounds, it has photographs of every teacher and student. It also depicts classrooms, club activities, school events, and the ski trip. In the back of the yearbook is a summary of world news during the three years that they were in high school. Finally, it includes the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all students in the graduating class.

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Resources
VIDEO: Suburban Tokyo High School Students
BOOKS: Back to the Top